laca-website/Documents/DATABASE_DESIGN.md

# 🗄️ Database Design & Data Structure Documentation

## 📋 Table of Contents
1. [Database Overview](#database-overview)
2. [Entity Relationship Diagram](#entity-relationship-diagram)
3. [Table Specifications](#table-specifications)
4. [Indexes & Performance](#indexes--performance)
5. [Data Migration Strategy](#data-migration-strategy)
6. [Backup & Recovery](#backup--recovery)
7. [Scaling Considerations](#scaling-considerations)

---

## 🌐 Database Overview

### Technology Stack
```json
{
  "primary_database": "PostgreSQL 15.x",
  "cache_layer": "Redis 7.x",
  "orm": "TypeORM",
  "connection_pooling": "pg_pool",
  "backup_strategy": "Continuous WAL archiving",
  "monitoring": "PostgreSQL Stats + Custom metrics"
}
```

### Database Characteristics
- **ACID Compliance**: Full ACID transaction support
- **Concurrency**: Multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)
- **Extensibility**: PostGIS for spatial operations
- **Performance**: Optimized indexes for geospatial queries
- **Scalability**: Read replicas and partitioning strategies

---

## 🔗 Entity Relationship Diagram

```mermaid
erDiagram
    Users ||--o{ Reservations : makes
    Users ||--o{ Reviews : writes
    Users ||--o{ Favorites : has
    Users ||--o{ Payments : processes
    
    ParkingLots ||--o{ ParkingSpots : contains
    ParkingLots ||--o{ Reservations : receives
    ParkingLots ||--o{ Reviews : receives
    ParkingLots ||--o{ Favorites : featured_in
    ParkingLots ||--o{ PricingRules : has
    ParkingLots }|--|| Operators : managed_by
    
    ParkingSpots ||--o{ Reservations : reserved_for
    ParkingSpots ||--o{ SpotHistory : tracks
    
    Reservations ||--|| Payments : triggers
    Reservations ||--o{ ReservationHistory : logs
    
    Operators ||--o{ ParkingLots : manages
    Operators ||--o{ OperatorUsers : employs
    
    Users {
        uuid id PK
        string email UK
        string password_hash
        string full_name
        string phone
        timestamp created_at
        timestamp updated_at
        boolean is_active
        user_role role
    }
    
    ParkingLots {
        uuid id PK
        string name
        text address
        decimal latitude
        decimal longitude
        integer total_spots
        integer available_spots
        decimal price_per_hour
        jsonb operating_hours
        text[] amenities
        uuid operator_id FK
        timestamp created_at
        timestamp updated_at
        boolean is_active
    }
    
    ParkingSpots {
        uuid id PK
        uuid parking_lot_id FK
        string spot_number
        spot_type type
        boolean is_occupied
        boolean is_reserved
        timestamp last_updated
    }
    
    Reservations {
        uuid id PK
        uuid user_id FK
        uuid parking_spot_id FK
        timestamp start_time
        timestamp end_time
        decimal total_cost
        reservation_status status
        timestamp created_at
        timestamp updated_at
    }
```

---

## 📊 Table Specifications

### 1. Users Table

```sql
CREATE TYPE user_role AS ENUM ('customer', 'operator', 'admin');

CREATE TABLE users (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    email VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
    password_hash VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    full_name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    phone VARCHAR(20),
    avatar_url TEXT,
    
    -- Preferences stored as JSONB for flexibility
    preferences JSONB DEFAULT '{}',
    
    -- Metadata
    created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    updated_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    last_login_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
    
    -- Status fields
    is_active BOOLEAN DEFAULT TRUE,
    email_verified BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
    phone_verified BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
    role user_role DEFAULT 'customer',
    
    -- Constraints
    CONSTRAINT valid_email CHECK (email ~* '^[A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\.[A-Za-z]{2,}$'),
    CONSTRAINT valid_phone CHECK (phone IS NULL OR phone ~* '^\+?[1-9]\d{1,14}$')
);

-- Indexes
CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users (email);
CREATE INDEX idx_users_role_active ON users (role, is_active);
CREATE INDEX idx_users_created_at ON users (created_at);

-- Update trigger
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_updated_at_column()
RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
BEGIN
    NEW.updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
    RETURN NEW;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

CREATE TRIGGER update_users_updated_at
    BEFORE UPDATE ON users
    FOR EACH ROW
    EXECUTE FUNCTION update_updated_at_column();
```

### 2. Operators Table

```sql
CREATE TABLE operators (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    company_name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    contact_email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    contact_phone VARCHAR(20),
    address TEXT,
    
    -- Business information
    business_license VARCHAR(100),
    tax_id VARCHAR(50),
    
    -- Settings
    commission_rate DECIMAL(5,4) DEFAULT 0.1000, -- 10% default
    auto_approval BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
    
    -- Metadata
    created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    updated_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    is_active BOOLEAN DEFAULT TRUE,
    
    CONSTRAINT valid_commission_rate CHECK (commission_rate >= 0 AND commission_rate <= 1)
);

-- Indexes
CREATE INDEX idx_operators_active ON operators (is_active);
CREATE INDEX idx_operators_company_name ON operators (company_name);
```

### 3. Parking Lots Table

```sql
CREATE TABLE parking_lots (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    operator_id UUID REFERENCES operators(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    
    -- Basic information
    name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    description TEXT,
    address TEXT NOT NULL,
    
    -- Geolocation (using decimal for precision)
    latitude DECIMAL(10,8) NOT NULL,
    longitude DECIMAL(11,8) NOT NULL,
    
    -- Capacity
    total_spots INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
    available_spots INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
    
    -- Pricing
    price_per_hour DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
    currency CHAR(3) DEFAULT 'USD',
    
    -- Operating hours stored as JSONB for flexibility
    operating_hours JSONB DEFAULT '{
        "monday": {"open": "00:00", "close": "23:59", "is24Hours": true},
        "tuesday": {"open": "00:00", "close": "23:59", "is24Hours": true},
        "wednesday": {"open": "00:00", "close": "23:59", "is24Hours": true},
        "thursday": {"open": "00:00", "close": "23:59", "is24Hours": true},
        "friday": {"open": "00:00", "close": "23:59", "is24Hours": true},
        "saturday": {"open": "00:00", "close": "23:59", "is24Hours": true},
        "sunday": {"open": "00:00", "close": "23:59", "is24Hours": true}
    }',
    
    -- Amenities as array
    amenities TEXT[] DEFAULT '{}',
    
    -- Images
    images JSONB DEFAULT '[]',
    
    -- Ratings
    average_rating DECIMAL(3,2) DEFAULT 0,
    total_reviews INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
    
    -- Metadata
    created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    updated_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    last_availability_update TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    is_active BOOLEAN DEFAULT TRUE,
    
    -- Constraints
    CONSTRAINT valid_coordinates CHECK (
        latitude BETWEEN -90 AND 90 AND 
        longitude BETWEEN -180 AND 180
    ),
    CONSTRAINT valid_capacity CHECK (
        total_spots >= 0 AND 
        available_spots >= 0 AND 
        available_spots <= total_spots
    ),
    CONSTRAINT valid_price CHECK (price_per_hour >= 0),
    CONSTRAINT valid_rating CHECK (average_rating BETWEEN 0 AND 5)
);

-- Spatial index for location-based queries
CREATE INDEX idx_parking_lots_location ON parking_lots 
USING GIST (ll_to_earth(latitude, longitude));

-- Regular indexes
CREATE INDEX idx_parking_lots_operator ON parking_lots (operator_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_parking_lots_active ON parking_lots (is_active);
CREATE INDEX idx_parking_lots_price ON parking_lots (price_per_hour);
CREATE INDEX idx_parking_lots_availability ON parking_lots (available_spots, is_active);
CREATE INDEX idx_parking_lots_rating ON parking_lots (average_rating DESC);

-- Composite index for common queries
CREATE INDEX idx_parking_lots_active_location ON parking_lots (is_active, latitude, longitude);
```

### 4. Parking Spots Table

```sql
CREATE TYPE spot_type AS ENUM ('regular', 'disabled', 'electric', 'compact', 'motorcycle');

CREATE TABLE parking_spots (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    parking_lot_id UUID REFERENCES parking_lots(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    
    -- Spot identification
    spot_number VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
    floor_level INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
    section VARCHAR(10),
    
    -- Spot characteristics
    type spot_type DEFAULT 'regular',
    size_category VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'standard', -- compact, standard, large
    
    -- Status
    is_occupied BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
    is_reserved BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
    is_maintenance BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
    
    -- Timestamps
    last_updated TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    occupied_since TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
    
    -- Constraints
    UNIQUE(parking_lot_id, spot_number),
    CONSTRAINT valid_floor CHECK (floor_level BETWEEN -10 AND 50)
);

-- Indexes
CREATE INDEX idx_parking_spots_lot ON parking_spots (parking_lot_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_parking_spots_status ON parking_spots (is_occupied, is_reserved, is_maintenance);
CREATE INDEX idx_parking_spots_type ON parking_spots (type);
CREATE INDEX idx_parking_spots_availability ON parking_spots (parking_lot_id, is_occupied, is_reserved, is_maintenance);
```

### 5. Reservations Table

```sql
CREATE TYPE reservation_status AS ENUM (
    'pending',
    'confirmed',
    'active',
    'completed',
    'cancelled',
    'no_show',
    'expired'
);

CREATE TABLE reservations (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    user_id UUID REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    parking_spot_id UUID REFERENCES parking_spots(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    
    -- Timing
    start_time TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL,
    end_time TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL,
    actual_start_time TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
    actual_end_time TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
    
    -- Pricing
    base_cost DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
    discount_amount DECIMAL(10,2) DEFAULT 0,
    tax_amount DECIMAL(10,2) DEFAULT 0,
    total_cost DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
    currency CHAR(3) DEFAULT 'USD',
    
    -- Vehicle information
    vehicle_info JSONB DEFAULT '{}',
    
    -- Status and notes
    status reservation_status DEFAULT 'pending',
    special_requests TEXT,
    cancellation_reason TEXT,
    
    -- Metadata
    created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    updated_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    confirmation_code VARCHAR(10) UNIQUE,
    
    -- Constraints
    CONSTRAINT valid_duration CHECK (end_time > start_time),
    CONSTRAINT valid_costs CHECK (
        base_cost >= 0 AND 
        discount_amount >= 0 AND 
        tax_amount >= 0 AND 
        total_cost >= 0
    )
);

-- Generate confirmation code
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION generate_confirmation_code()
RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
BEGIN
    IF NEW.confirmation_code IS NULL THEN
        NEW.confirmation_code := upper(substring(md5(random()::text) from 1 for 8));
    END IF;
    RETURN NEW;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

CREATE TRIGGER set_confirmation_code
    BEFORE INSERT ON reservations
    FOR EACH ROW
    EXECUTE FUNCTION generate_confirmation_code();

-- Indexes
CREATE INDEX idx_reservations_user ON reservations (user_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_reservations_spot ON reservations (parking_spot_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_reservations_status ON reservations (status);
CREATE INDEX idx_reservations_time_range ON reservations (start_time, end_time);
CREATE INDEX idx_reservations_confirmation ON reservations (confirmation_code);

-- Composite indexes for common queries
CREATE INDEX idx_reservations_user_status ON reservations (user_id, status);
CREATE INDEX idx_reservations_spot_time ON reservations (parking_spot_id, start_time, end_time);
```

### 6. Payments Table

```sql
CREATE TYPE payment_method AS ENUM ('credit_card', 'debit_card', 'digital_wallet', 'bank_transfer', 'cash');
CREATE TYPE payment_status AS ENUM ('pending', 'processing', 'completed', 'failed', 'refunded', 'disputed');

CREATE TABLE payments (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    reservation_id UUID REFERENCES reservations(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    user_id UUID REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    
    -- Payment details
    amount DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
    currency CHAR(3) DEFAULT 'USD',
    method payment_method NOT NULL,
    status payment_status DEFAULT 'pending',
    
    -- External payment provider information
    provider_name VARCHAR(50), -- stripe, paypal, etc.
    provider_transaction_id VARCHAR(255),
    provider_fee DECIMAL(10,2) DEFAULT 0,
    
    -- Payment metadata
    payment_date TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
    processed_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
    failure_reason TEXT,
    refund_amount DECIMAL(10,2) DEFAULT 0,
    refund_date TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
    
    -- Metadata
    created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    updated_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    
    CONSTRAINT valid_amount CHECK (amount > 0),
    CONSTRAINT valid_refund CHECK (refund_amount >= 0 AND refund_amount <= amount)
);

-- Indexes
CREATE INDEX idx_payments_reservation ON payments (reservation_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_payments_user ON payments (user_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_payments_status ON payments (status);
CREATE INDEX idx_payments_method ON payments (method);
CREATE INDEX idx_payments_provider ON payments (provider_name, provider_transaction_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_payments_date ON payments (payment_date);
```

### 7. Reviews Table

```sql
CREATE TABLE reviews (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    user_id UUID REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    parking_lot_id UUID REFERENCES parking_lots(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    reservation_id UUID REFERENCES reservations(id) ON DELETE SET NULL,
    
    -- Review content
    rating INTEGER NOT NULL,
    title VARCHAR(255),
    comment TEXT,
    
    -- Review metadata
    is_verified BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE, -- verified if linked to actual reservation
    is_flagged BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
    admin_response TEXT,
    
    -- Timestamps
    created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    updated_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    
    -- Constraints
    CONSTRAINT valid_rating CHECK (rating BETWEEN 1 AND 5),
    UNIQUE(user_id, parking_lot_id) -- One review per user per parking lot
);

-- Indexes
CREATE INDEX idx_reviews_parking_lot ON reviews (parking_lot_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_reviews_user ON reviews (user_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_reviews_rating ON reviews (rating);
CREATE INDEX idx_reviews_verified ON reviews (is_verified);
CREATE INDEX idx_reviews_created_at ON reviews (created_at);
```

---

## 🚀 Indexes & Performance

### 1. Spatial Indexes for Location Queries

```sql
-- Enable PostGIS extension for advanced spatial operations
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS postgis;

-- Convert existing lat/lng to geometry for better performance
ALTER TABLE parking_lots ADD COLUMN geom GEOMETRY(POINT, 4326);

-- Populate geometry column
UPDATE parking_lots SET geom = ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(longitude, latitude), 4326);

-- Create spatial index
CREATE INDEX idx_parking_lots_geom ON parking_lots USING GIST (geom);

-- Function for distance-based queries
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION find_nearby_parking(
    user_lat DECIMAL,
    user_lng DECIMAL,
    radius_meters INTEGER DEFAULT 5000
) RETURNS TABLE(
    id UUID,
    name VARCHAR,
    distance_meters DECIMAL
) AS $$
BEGIN
    RETURN QUERY
    SELECT 
        pl.id,
        pl.name,
        ST_Distance(
            ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(user_lng, user_lat), 4326)::geography,
            pl.geom::geography
        ) as distance_meters
    FROM parking_lots pl
    WHERE pl.is_active = TRUE
    AND ST_DWithin(
        ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(user_lng, user_lat), 4326)::geography,
        pl.geom::geography,
        radius_meters
    )
    ORDER BY distance_meters;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
```

### 2. Partitioning Strategy

```sql
-- Partition reservations by month for better performance
CREATE TABLE reservations_partitioned (
    LIKE reservations INCLUDING ALL
) PARTITION BY RANGE (start_time);

-- Create partitions for current and future months
CREATE TABLE reservations_2024_08 PARTITION OF reservations_partitioned
FOR VALUES FROM ('2024-08-01') TO ('2024-09-01');

CREATE TABLE reservations_2024_09 PARTITION OF reservations_partitioned
FOR VALUES FROM ('2024-09-01') TO ('2024-10-01');

-- Automated partition creation function
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION create_monthly_partition()
RETURNS void AS $$
DECLARE
    start_date DATE;
    end_date DATE;
    table_name TEXT;
BEGIN
    start_date := DATE_TRUNC('month', CURRENT_DATE + INTERVAL '1 month');
    end_date := start_date + INTERVAL '1 month';
    table_name := 'reservations_' || TO_CHAR(start_date, 'YYYY_MM');
    
    EXECUTE FORMAT(
        'CREATE TABLE %I PARTITION OF reservations_partitioned 
         FOR VALUES FROM (%L) TO (%L)',
        table_name, start_date, end_date
    );
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

-- Schedule monthly partition creation
SELECT cron.schedule('create-partition', '0 0 1 * *', 'SELECT create_monthly_partition();');
```

### 3. Performance Monitoring Views

```sql
-- View for monitoring table sizes
CREATE VIEW table_sizes AS
SELECT 
    schemaname,
    tablename,
    attname,
    n_distinct,
    correlation,
    pg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size(schemaname||'.'||tablename)) as size
FROM pg_stats 
WHERE schemaname = 'public'
ORDER BY pg_total_relation_size(schemaname||'.'||tablename) DESC;

-- View for monitoring index usage
CREATE VIEW index_usage AS
SELECT 
    schemaname,
    tablename,
    attname,
    n_distinct,
    correlation
FROM pg_stats 
WHERE schemaname = 'public';

-- View for monitoring slow queries
CREATE VIEW slow_queries AS
SELECT 
    query,
    calls,
    total_time,
    mean_time,
    rows
FROM pg_stat_statements 
WHERE mean_time > 100
ORDER BY mean_time DESC;
```

---

## 🔄 Data Migration Strategy

### 1. Migration Scripts Structure

```sql
-- Migration: 001_initial_schema.sql
-- Description: Create initial database schema
-- Date: 2024-08-03
-- Author: System

BEGIN;

-- Create enums
CREATE TYPE user_role AS ENUM ('customer', 'operator', 'admin');
CREATE TYPE spot_type AS ENUM ('regular', 'disabled', 'electric', 'compact', 'motorcycle');
-- ... rest of schema creation

-- Create migration tracking table
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS schema_migrations (
    version VARCHAR(255) PRIMARY KEY,
    applied_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);

INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES ('001_initial_schema');

COMMIT;
```

### 2. Data Seeding

```sql
-- Seed: 001_default_data.sql
-- Description: Insert default operational data
-- Date: 2024-08-03

BEGIN;

-- Insert default operator
INSERT INTO operators (id, company_name, contact_email, contact_phone, is_active)
VALUES (
    'b123b123-b123-b123-b123-b123b123b123',
    'City Parking Management',
    'admin@cityparking.com',
    '+1234567890',
    TRUE
);

-- Insert sample parking lots
INSERT INTO parking_lots (
    id, operator_id, name, address, latitude, longitude, 
    total_spots, available_spots, price_per_hour, amenities
) VALUES
(
    'a123a123-a123-a123-a123-a123a123a123',
    'b123b123-b123-b123-b123-b123b123b123',
    'Downtown Parking Garage',
    '123 Main St, Downtown',
    40.7128,
    -74.0060,
    200,
    150,
    5.00,
    ARRAY['covered', 'security', 'electric_charging']
);

COMMIT;
```

### 3. Backup Strategy

```bash
#!/bin/bash
# backup_database.sh
# Automated database backup script

DB_NAME="smart_parking"
BACKUP_DIR="/backups/postgresql"
DATE=$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S)

# Create full backup
pg_dump -h localhost -U postgres -d $DB_NAME \
    --verbose --format=custom \
    --file="$BACKUP_DIR/full_backup_$DATE.backup"

# Create schema-only backup
pg_dump -h localhost -U postgres -d $DB_NAME \
    --schema-only --verbose \
    --file="$BACKUP_DIR/schema_backup_$DATE.sql"

# Cleanup old backups (keep last 30 days)
find $BACKUP_DIR -name "*.backup" -mtime +30 -delete
find $BACKUP_DIR -name "*.sql" -mtime +30 -delete
```

---

## 📈 Scaling Considerations

### 1. Read Replicas Configuration

```sql
-- Master database configuration
-- postgresql.conf
wal_level = replica
max_wal_senders = 3
wal_keep_segments = 64
hot_standby = on

-- Replica database queries
-- Route read-only queries to replicas
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION is_read_only_query(query_text TEXT)
RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $$
BEGIN
    RETURN query_text ~* '^(SELECT|WITH)' AND 
           query_text !~* '(FOR UPDATE|FOR SHARE)';
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
```

### 2. Connection Pooling

```javascript
// Database connection pool configuration
const poolConfig = {
  host: process.env.DB_HOST,
  port: process.env.DB_PORT,
  database: process.env.DB_NAME,
  user: process.env.DB_USER,
  password: process.env.DB_PASSWORD,
  
  // Pool configuration
  min: 5,          // Minimum connections
  max: 50,         // Maximum connections
  idle: 10000,     // Idle timeout (10 seconds)
  acquire: 60000,  // Acquire timeout (60 seconds)
  evict: 1000,     // Eviction run interval (1 second)
  
  // Connection validation
  validate: true,
  validateTimeout: 3000,
  
  // Logging
  logging: (sql, timing) => {
    if (timing > 1000) {
      console.warn(`Slow query detected: ${timing}ms - ${sql}`);
    }
  }
};
```

### 3. Caching Strategy

```sql
-- Materialized views for expensive aggregations
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW parking_lot_stats AS
SELECT 
    pl.id,
    pl.name,
    pl.total_spots,
    pl.available_spots,
    ROUND(AVG(r.rating), 2) as avg_rating,
    COUNT(r.id) as total_reviews,
    COUNT(res.id) as total_reservations
FROM parking_lots pl
LEFT JOIN reviews r ON pl.id = r.parking_lot_id
LEFT JOIN reservations res ON pl.id = res.parking_spot_id
WHERE pl.is_active = TRUE
GROUP BY pl.id, pl.name, pl.total_spots, pl.available_spots;

-- Refresh materialized view regularly
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION refresh_parking_stats()
RETURNS void AS $$
BEGIN
    REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW CONCURRENTLY parking_lot_stats;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

-- Schedule refresh every hour
SELECT cron.schedule('refresh-stats', '0 * * * *', 'SELECT refresh_parking_stats();');
```

### 4. Database Monitoring

```sql
-- Create monitoring functions
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION database_health_check()
RETURNS TABLE(
    metric VARCHAR,
    value DECIMAL,
    status VARCHAR
) AS $$
BEGIN
    RETURN QUERY
    WITH metrics AS (
        SELECT 'active_connections' as metric, 
               COUNT(*)::DECIMAL as value,
               CASE WHEN COUNT(*) > 80 THEN 'WARNING' ELSE 'OK' END as status
        FROM pg_stat_activity
        WHERE state = 'active'
        
        UNION ALL
        
        SELECT 'cache_hit_ratio' as metric,
               ROUND(
                   100.0 * sum(blks_hit) / (sum(blks_hit) + sum(blks_read)), 2
               ) as value,
               CASE WHEN 100.0 * sum(blks_hit) / (sum(blks_hit) + sum(blks_read)) < 95 
                    THEN 'WARNING' ELSE 'OK' END as status
        FROM pg_stat_database
        
        UNION ALL
        
        SELECT 'table_bloat' as metric,
               pg_size_pretty(pg_database_size(current_database()))::DECIMAL as value,
               'INFO' as status
    )
    SELECT * FROM metrics;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
```

---

*Last Updated: August 3, 2025*
*Version: 1.0.0*